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素養命題_英語領域_在潮起潮湧的時代,以英語文作為媒介的現代生活指南,談生命教育

2022-05-26
2023-11-09

在潮起潮湧的時代,以英語文作為媒介的現代生活指南

「在一個資訊滿滿卻多半無用的世界上,
  清楚易懂的見解,就成了一種力量。」------ 哈拉瑞(Yuval Noah Harari)


生命教育的背景

「資訊化、全球化、科技化」,關於世界的各種變化詞彙,想必大家早已耳熟能詳,這幾個詞彙由預言式的未來式,成了現在完成式,已然是這個世代無可迴避的情境,而我們又如何在這個急劇變化的時代,對生命探詢、站穩腳跟?本文嘗試假經典精華、現代思潮,提供讀者一方探訪生命的生活指引。


  1. 龐大的資訊流量 有限的心智寬頻

「叮咚、震動、噹」,過去我們總說手機是通往世界的門戶,但現今社群媒體的爆炸資訊量使得我們丟失了連結的主動權,主客意味,資訊沿著手機電波傾軋而出,耳朵無暇接待,心智無所思考,過多的資訊時常攪亂一池澄淨,留下現代人的資訊焦慮。如同《美麗新世界》反烏托邦寓言,科技形成了制約的力量,城市人精神停滯而麻痺;《娛樂至死》描繪商業化與科技化之下,改變人們對話的形式,娛樂化的激情,使得知識的輪廓日益模糊;這些文字經典,在在展現了現代寓言,當我們的資訊與心智不成比例的擴張,該如何在資訊的洪流中得以自立呢?筆者認為向內探求生命的詮釋,向外定位所在的社會脈絡,在個人與社會交匯時,才得以自立而不被沖刷在流行浪潮之上。


  1. 在生命的幽暗中 提燈摸索

向內探求生命的詮釋,是一個需要安靜與空間的工作,除此之外,更需要與自我真實的對話。過往我們時常用簡單的二元分類(dualism)框架來歸納自己,「我是女生、我是高中生、我是異性戀、我是熱音社」,但面對百花齊放的世界,我們時常感覺到非黑即白的分類框架不敷使用,無所適從,此時,我們需要將框架的邊界向外推展,不再墨守二元的圭臬,坦承面對生命中許多的「不合時宜」。如同「酷兒理論」是對現有性權力結構的反動,人不再只是僵固的或男或女、或異性戀或同性戀,當置於一個情慾流動、去中心化的架構中,探索真實的情感樣態,包容的擁抱各式情感;若談到小說家,米蘭昆德拉、赫曼赫塞字字珠璣,書寫人生迷途中,生命存在的叩問。這些被挑起的覺醒因子,會作為我們的一面鏡子,反射出我們真實的樣貌,了解那些無法與貼合當今框架的「不合時宜」(1),只不過是自我與社會的媒合突起之處,發揮想像力,自處與創造的練習,便起始於這些歧異。


  1. 於偌大未知的未來 為自己定錨

向外定位所在的社會脈絡是重要的,只有知道自己身處的相對位置、有了一張大致輪廓的地圖,才不至於迷失。《社會學的想像》將自身意識連結到社會脈絡,讓許多「個人的煩惱」,有了更大的視野,知其所以(或脈絡),便有可能「知其如何是好也」。與社會連結的同時,我們也時常會詫異的發現:「原來不只是我如此呀!」,原先自顧自的煩惱,被這樣的連結所打破了,如此有了被理解與跨越的可能。《人類三部曲》則給我們一副鑑往知來的鏡頭,後見之明到先見之明,面對變幻無常的未來,把握現下生命的洞見,將是安身立命的起始。最後,想像力仍是不可或缺的,《改變每個人的3個狂熱夢想》種下對世界美好的想像,每一種看似狂熱、瘋狂的想法,皆代表著對生活可能的提案。


不論生命的內外,都需要想像力的作用,找到穩定的力量、拓展生命的極限,現在,我們可以一起大膽想像,然後實踐:讓每一天的生活,累積成一個時代。


從課綱看生命教育


  1. 人生三問

議題融入說明手冊提出了三問:「人為何而活?」、「人應如何生活?」、「如何能夠活出應活的生命?」,一個人的生命應當由內思辨,由外實踐,然而關於生命的答案,並非一個絕對、固定的解答,而是一段反覆思辨的歷程,不疾不徐,才能夠循序漸進的接近生命的真貌。


  1. 課綱中的生命教育

生命教育包含「哲學思考」、「人學探索」、「終極關懷」、「價值思辨」與「靈性修養」等五大範疇的學習主題,由生活中各種理所當然到知其所以然、看待自身的主體性、發覺內心之愛、選擇所思也思其所選,乃至最後構築存在的意義,向內探求的每一步,皆是一場生命主體的思辨與安定之旅。


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(1)此處的筆者所指稱的「不合時宜」對象,僅限於「非惡」的行為。


試題一:終極關懷

  Tom Cruise seldom talks about his battle with dyslexia, one of the disorders that involve difficulty in reading or interpreting words. He scarcely mentions his unstable home life, either. Growing up in a poor household, along with his three sisters, Tom’s abusive father abused him, beating him on a regular basis. Because his father had trouble keeping a job, the family was forced to relocate often. As a result, Cruise attended 15 different schools when he was12 years old. Then, being just 12 years old, his father walked out of his life. 


  Things were getting worse. Cruise was a longstanding kid — continuously having to adapt to a new environment, new instructors and new friends. But one constant remained — his dyslexia. “I’d try to concentrate on what I was reading,” Cruise said. “Then I’d get to the end of the page and have very little memory of anything I’d read.” “I would go blank, feel anxious, nervous, bored, frustrated, dumb. I would get angry. My legs would actually hurt when I was studying. My head also pained a lot.” Whether to prevent from going home or to simply blow off steam, Tom Cruise attended as many after-school events as possible. He played soccer, hockey, football, baseball etc. After a knee injury derailed his athletic career, he decided to join an audition for the lead in his school’s production of Guys and Dolls. 


  Tom Cruise gained his first taste of a starring role through lots of improvisation and pure charisma. Deciding to give acting a real shot, Tom moved out to New York City, taking auditions for any part he could find. However, his dyslexia hadn’t just gone away. He had to make himself creative and find ways to overcome his dyslexia if he hoped for being an actor in the future. After all, reading scripts and memorizing lines was a huge part of the job. “When I got a chance to take part of the audition and was offered a script to read the lines, I would try to communicate with the director and producer to talk about the characters and the film,” Cruise added. “I’d collect information from them and I adopted it to act my role. I got pretty good at ad-libbing.” Gradually, he improved and gained confidence with his efforts. He got an opportunity for starring the hero and ran with it. A small part in Harold Becker’s Taps gave him lots of fame. It was his second film and first ever speaking role. From there, Cruise continued to overcome his disability. Over time, he trained himself to be a visual learner. He would focus on mental imagery to remember every single line and stay in character. Tom Cruise overcame dyslexia and he serves as living proof that you can overcome your disability while achieving your dreams.


1. Which of the following word holds the closest meaning of the word “perennial” in the 2nd paragraph

(A) hostile

(B) continuing

(C) optimistic

(D) perceptive


正解:(B)


2. What is the author’s attitude toward the story of Tom Cruise presented in this passage

(A) negative

(B) skeptical

(C) ignorant

(D) positive


正解:(D)


試題二:終極關懷

  When Muniba Mazari was little, she dreamed to be a painter. However, her dream did not come true as she was married at the age of 18 by her father’s request. Three years later, Muniba Mazari’s life changed drastically when she encountered a car accident that left her half-paralyzed. She suffered from the pain from fractures to her arm, shoulder, ribs and collarbone. Besides, her backbones were almost crushed. Her doctor told her that she would never be able to walk, paint or give birth. The tragedy left her in a devastating state, and she started questioning the meaning of her life in the world. Fortunately, with the warm encouragement from her family, she realized she had left nothing to lose. Though being confined to a wheelchair, she could still aim for living the life she hoped. She wanted to prove to the world that a disabled person could also live a happy and fulfilling life. Thus, she became a writer to make a living, started painting to pursue her passion, and even began delivering public speeches to break the stereotypes which had been linked to physically challenged people.


  After years from the serious car crash, Mazari now is a promising artist, and a single mother of an adopted son. She is also a UN Goodwill Ambassador of advocating gender equality. Muniba has shared her inspiring story in many talks, and one of the most important messages for the audience is that if people want to be powerful, they have to learn to turn their adversities into opportunities.


1. How is the passage organized

(A) Cause and Effect

(B) Problem and Solution

(C) Order of Time

(D) Order of Importance


正解:(C)


2. Which of the following sentences best shows the main message of Muniba Mazari’s speech

(A) When life gives you lemons, make the lemonade.

(B) A man is known by the company he keeps.

(C) You cannot sell the cow and drink the milk.

(D) Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.


正解:(A)


試題三:人學探索

  Over two hundred years ago, scientists started to experiment with organ transplantation on animals and humans. However, it was not until the mid-20th century (1954, to be exact) that the first successful organ transplant was performed. Organ transplantation is a process of an individual’s organ which is transplanted into another’s body. The aim is to provide a well-healthy organ to replace a broken or defunct one for recipients. The donor can be a living person and also can be a person who just died. A living donor who provides an organ is called a living donor and vice versa. The kidney was the first human organ to be transplanted.


  On the other hand, another important problem happens frequently, which is transplant rejection. This is literally a complicated medical phenomenon. Recipients may have abnormal immune system which rejects to receive the organ transplantation. There are three types of transplant rejection. Hyperacute rejection is the first one that is the most common type of rejection. From the point of view of clinical experiment, the rejection would happen in few hours, leading to necrotizing vasculitis. The second one is acute rejection. From the point of view of clinical experiment, the rejection would happen few weeks later or in one year after having the transplantation. It is commonly due to incompatible situation with the blood type. The last one is chronic rejection, which is a situation of delayed allergy. This may happen few months or even few years later after the transplantation. The result would be the loss of the function from recipient’s body, which endangers the recipient’s life.


  Organ transplantation is a way to provide dying people with a whole new chance to live on their lives. Even though the surgery is filled with risks, there are still many people and families who are looking forward to it in order to give them hope for their life. Now, thanks to medical advances in the prevention of rejection, transplants of many other organs, such as livers, hearts, lungs, and intestine are considered routine medical treatment.


1. According to the passage, which of the following statements is FALSE

(A) Scientists didn’t successfully perform human organ transplants until the mid-20 century.

(B) Experiments with organ transplantation on animals happened after the first successful human organ transplant.

(C) Organ transplants are common medical procedures now.

(D) Organ transplantation is one of the important medical breakthroughs in the twentieth century.


正解:(B)


2. Please find the reason mentioned in the passage that has led to a growing number of organ transplants in the modern era.


參考答案:Thanks to medical advances in the prevention of rejection, transplants of many other organs, are considered routine medical treatment.


試題四:靈性修養

  Flowers for Algernon, Daniel Keyes’ classic and science-fictional tale, is well-known around the world. It was later adapted into a novel and was made into a movie. The story was also translated into traditional Chinese version and took Taiwan by storm when published.


  It is the story of Charlie, a thirty-two-year-old man whose IQ is only 68. He works during the day in a bakery, and takes part in a reading class for slow learners at night. While working, Charlie's foolish behavior amuses his colleagues. Charlie, notwithstanding, assumes that they are laughing with him, but not at him. Besides, he regards them as his friends and tries hard to fit in.


  Meantime, through an experimental surgery, scientists greatly boost the intelligence of a mouse named Algernon. Thus, they decide to manage the same experiment on a human. They choose Charlie because he is so eager to learn and hopes to become “smart” like other people. The operation is successful and Charlie becomes steadily more knowledgeable.


  Charlie is happy previously; he can talk to others normally and is able to be treated as their equal. His new intelligence also causes memories of his childhood to surface, which tormented him a lot. As he becomes smarter than others, Charlie encounters a new and different kind of isolation. Now he is too smart to fit in. As he figures out a way to improve the bakery, his boss compliments him on his ideas. Nevertheless, his coworkers resent his new abilities.


  Unfortunately, the operation brings merely temporary effect. Algernon becomes less intelligent and Charlie's mental disability slowly returns. As his IQ drops, he learns he will be mentally challenged once again. Yet, Charlie has gained as much as he possibly could since his operation. The experience has motivated him to keep on learning whatever he can.


  In the end, Flowers for Algernon draws obvious conclusions. As Charlie takes flowers to the tiny grave of his mouse friend Algernon, he dates back to their experiences together. Charlie’s intelligence may disappear, but his courage, determination, and kind heart remain. Unrelated to IQ, this journey is these things which define his true self.


1. What is the difficulty that Charlie has suffered

(A) He suffered low intelligence level

(B) The change of his IQ level makes him sad.

(C) Isolation resulting from difference saddens him.

(D) The death of his mouse friend Algernon tortures him


正解:(C)


2. What does “resent” mean in the forth paragraph

(A) like       (B) love      (C) excite     (D) hate


正解:(D)


試題五:價值思辨

  Well goes the proverb “You are what you eat.” However, how can we make sure what we eat is what we expect? Also, how can we make smart choices to contribute to good health rather than risk our health for neglect of what we eat? The Nutrition Facts Label on the food package is an important guide. To understand a Nutrition Facts Label, follow the 4 tips. First, watch the serving size, which should be listed in standard measurements, such as cups or spoons. When comparing brands, remember to adjust the serving sizes to be the same, which is very important. Then, find the number of calories per each serving of that food (don’t forget to double or triple the amount of the calories and the other nutrients listed below if you eat more than one serving). Next, be careful about some nutrients like fat, sodium and sugar, which may raise the risk of certain chronic diseases, like heart disease, high blood pressure and even cancers. Select foods that are low in these nutrients. On the contrary, look for foods which are high in good nutrients, including fiber, iron, calcium and vitamins, which are vital for good health. Here are three labels on different Cereal Packages. Apply the tips mentioned above and learn to make smart choices for the sake of good health.




1. Helen values healthy diets a lot. Which cereal would you recommend to her ? And why ?


參考答案:I will recommend Cereal X because it is high in good nutrients like fiber and iron.


2. Check the cereal that has the greatest advantage in each nutrient category.



正解: