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命題敘述
「晚來天欲雪」的意思是「今天晚上就要下雪了」。請你想一想，晚來天欲「雪」的「雪」字，詞性及用法與下列那一個選項相同?
命題敘述
「晚來天欲雪」的意思是「今天晚上就要下雪了」。請你想一想，晚來天欲「雪」的「雪」字，詞性及用法與下列那一個選項相同?
在風起雲湧的時代，以英語文作為媒介，談人權議題
人權議題背景
近年來，我們拉長了與 COVID-19 共處的戰線，有人稱接下來將是後疫情時代（Post-Pandemic Era），我們也即將迎接新常態（New Normal），將疫情帶來的所有變化，內化成日常。而除了疫情驅動的時代遽變，世界各地的人權運動風起雲湧，社會秩序如同疫情所致的波動一般，也有了截然不同的面貌。
在香港的反送中運動，我們看見雨傘遍地開花，以及世代之間對於自由、民主、人權的理解與對話，想像的豐腴與現實的骨感，人們撐起傘來，齊聚一方，一同避雨，一同等雨過天晴。
在美國佛洛伊德事件以及後續所激起的漣漪，種族的裂痕顯影在大眾眼前，種族的鴻溝與警察的權威，加深了社會的碎裂，當人們高舉著「#BlackLivesMatter(1)」的同時，亞裔仍然被「Kung Flu(2)」，這個令人渾身反感的戲稱，纏繞不去，種族歧視，仍然恣意滲透，而亞裔，亦不願意再當作沉默的模範少數（model minority），大聲疾呼他們身而為人的權利。
在緬甸軍政府政變之後，緬甸一夕之間風雲變色，時間彷彿倒轉重播，緬甸回到了過往的黑暗時代，街道上瀰漫獨裁的氛圍，人們重新感受顫慄，舉起《饑餓遊戲》中的三指禮，提出和平、民主的訴求，在黑暗中選擇用自己的方式發聲，雖然微弱，但眾志成城，即便往天明的路如同遠征。
在阿富汗，美國的閃電撤兵，閃電般的易主，帶來排山倒海的難民潮，擁擠的喀布爾機場，透不出絲毫新鮮空氣，但對於這些試圖登機的阿富汗人，在縫隙間潛伏著虛實的希望之光，指引著人們逃離塔利班政權的生命之光。
這些正在上演的事件，都代表著人們對自由的追尋，與天賦人權的渴望，而我們如何開啟這趟人權議題的探索，共感這些真實的情境呢？善用英語文所帶來的跨文化能力，相信，會是我們的途徑之一。
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(1)#BlackLivesMatter，亦為「黑人的命也是命」，在社群中，抗議體制中的族群不平等與暴力。
(2)Kung Flu，延伸自「功夫 Kung Fu」，在新冠肺炎爆發期間，則被認為帶有亞裔種族歧視的指涉。
從課綱看人權議題
人權教育在素養導向的思考中，是累積的價值教育，描繪一位學習者培養蛻變成為世界公民的歷程。而英語文在其中所扮演的角色，即是作為與世界連結的橋樑，透過與各種文化、觀點更直接且廣泛的接觸，使得閱聽者，在巨量的資訊中，能夠化繁為簡，進而深層思考，產出觀點。
（一）「人權的基本概念」：強調學習者能夠對於與生俱來、普遍且不容剝奪的人權（Human Rights），有所認識。
（二）「人權與責任」：窺見了人權價值的一體兩面，一面是權利、一面是責任，從日常生活中的待人處事，爾後邁向全球公民的視角，省思自身對和平與永續發展的責任。
（三）「人權與民主法治」：拉遠視角，將民主與法治的體制納入。個人自由與公共秩序如何平衡？完善的法治體系、審議機制，才足以讓多元的想法與價值，有達成共識的可能。
（四）「人權與生活實踐」：由微觀而宏觀，人與人間，團體與團體間，國家與國家間，到種族與種族間，各式各樣的人際維度，都應該意識到結構性歧視與刻板印象的痕跡，意識之後，帶來釐清，釐清之後，帶來理解與公民行動。
（五）「人權違反與救濟」：引領我們從覺察到人權的違反，並透過法律救濟管道、倡議、不合作運動等方式，爭取與導正。
（六）「人權重要主題」：由淺入深的，提供探索人權議題的藍圖，亦將自身的經驗逐步向外擴張，從日常生活中的人權（例如：遊戲權、生存權、隱私權等），乃至世界的人權章節（例如：歷史大屠殺、國際人權公約體制等）。
人權議題，關係著文化間、族群間、社會間的碰撞，而英語文作為跨文化的重要工具之一，當然是不容小覷。倚賴著英語文的廣泛使用，讀者可以透過直接體驗不同的媒體立場，去刻畫事件的立體感，並與各個觀點相互對話，產生一致且寬廣的自我觀點，讀者在了解議題的過程，也在成人的旅程中。
從素養題目看人權議題
英語文作為橫跨世界的溝通工具，乘載著各方觀點與價值，從素養試題中，更可以呈現語言知識，所帶來的移動性。
素養導向試題，雜揉人權議題元素，展現更多元的面貌、趨近真實的面貌，以下五題「人權議題融入英語文科」的素養試題，主題包含：人權的基本概念、人權與生活實踐、人權重要主題。「人權的基本概念」，闡述人權的核心概念與特性，透過試題，了解目前世界的普同性人權概念；「人權與生活實踐」，闡述日常中，「勞力正義」的情境，並透過試題，了解台灣勞動環境的轉變；「人權重要主題」，透過試題，初步觸碰難民與女性，所在的幽暗之地，期待讀者能夠藉由此試題，應用語言知識，領略人權輪廓，並刻畫出自己理想的「成人」道路。
試題一：人權的基本概念
What are Human Rights?
Human rights are the freedoms and protections that belong to each one of us. They are based on principles of dignity, equality and mutual respect, and they belong to everyone – regardless of age, nationality, gender, race, beliefs, sexual orientation and gender identity, or any other status.
Human rights are about being treated and treating others fairly. They are about having the ability to make choices about one’s own life. Human rights contain three characteristics:
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948. Since then, it has formed the backbone of the international human rights system.
The UDHR is the most widely translated document in world history. It is inspiring and thought-provoking. The following are a few examples. Have a look!
1. According to the article, which of the following DOES NOT belong to the characteristics of human rights?
(A) indivisible
(B) interdependent
(C) transferable
(D) universal
正解：(C)
2. Please match UDHR Articles to the descriptions below.
(___) I use social media to say what I think on different topics
(___) I walk freely in my town without fearing for my life
(___) I go to see a doctor if I am sick
(___) I speak freely about my beliefs
正解： (D)(B)(E)(C)
試題二：人權與生活實踐
Round-the-clock service has been debated for a long time, but with discussions mostly focused on environmental issues and teenagers hanging around. This time, however, among respondents who agreed with rethinking 24-hour operations, more than half cited the threat to the livelihoods of franchise owners, or the duty of customers to share the burden of the labor shortage.
Operating 24/7 all year round has long been an important strategy for convenience stores to attract more customers, but now the 24-hour operation model is being challenged as Taiwan is facing the growing shortage of manpower. In a survey that the company 7-Eleven carried out on its franchisees (加盟店主) across the country in July, more than half said they are seriously considering reducing their night-time operations in the future. The chain operator should take the results as proof of the seriousness of the staffing shortage that is making it difficult for many franchisees to maintain round-the-clock operations.
In another survey, a full 72.6% of consumers say they would support changes to the 24-hour convenience store model so that those businesses can survive amid the country's serious labor shortage. In recent years, the number of consumers who frequent convenience stores at night has dropped off significantly, in part because of efforts to cut down on Taiwan's notoriously long working hours. In addition, the increasing number of convenience stores also worsens the problem. Data from the government shows that the number of outlets totalled 10,866 at the end of 2018, while Taiwan's population has begun to shrink, which means fewer customers for each store on average.
1. Which one of the following statements can explain why store owners is considering reducing their night-time operation hours?
(A) Fewer people visit convenience stores late at night out of safety concern.
(B) Taiwan’s population is getting smaller and smaller.
(C) The government is trying to reduce the overall long working hours.
(D) Staff salary is rising all the time, especially for the night shift workers.
正解：(C)
2. Are most customers for or against the reduced night hours? Write down your answers in a complete sentence:
Customers surveyed are mostly ______ (for or against ) the idea because ____________ __________________________________
正解：for, those businesses can survive amid the country's serious labor shortage.
3. Now use the ARE model (Argument/Assertion, Reasoning, Evidence) to analyze the third paragraph. Your answer should serve as the “Assertion” sentence. Please write down a sentence that can serve the “Reasoning” function:
正解：In recent years, the number of consumers who frequent convenience stores at night has dropped off significantly, in part because of efforts to cut down on Taiwan's notoriously long working hours.
試題三：人權重要主題
1. According to the above picture, which of the following statements is “Not” true?
(A) Almost 5.5 million Syrian refugees are children.
(B) About 0.8% of people are refugees in the world.
(C) Now, half of elementary-age Syrian children are nearly illiterate.
(D) About 30% of Syrian children were born as refugees.
正解：(D)
2. There are about 7.7 billion of people all over the world. How many refugees are there in the world?
正解：There are 61.6 million of refugees in the world.
試題四：人權重要主題
Due to poverty and illiteracy of women in Arab countries, Laura Boushnak began a meaningful project to help these women. According to Boushnak, to become a professional woman was not easy. She encountered many difficulties in Kuwait; nevertheless, her desire for knowledge led her to overcome all the barriers. Her experience drove her to start a project, “I Read I Write,” which was aimed at recording the journey of some women who didn’t have chance to go to school as children but have gained the ability to read and write as adults. In addition, through these women’s sharing, the project wanted to inspire more illiterate women to join the project. “I Read I Write” began in 2009 in Egypt, where there are only fifty percent of women who can read and write. With Boushnak’s effort, the project has now spread to many neighboring countries such as Yemen and Jordan, hoping to help more illiterate women.
Boushnak’s first subject in “I Read I Write” project was Umm El-Saad from Egypt. At first, Umm El-Saad was barely able to write her name. She attended a nine-month literacy program, and her life began to take on new meaning after she learned how to read and write. One day, her husband found out that she was checking through his phone messages. He got mad at her and threatened to pull her out of the classes. Though the whole community did not support women to pursue their education, El-Saad and her Egyptian classmates were determined to learn reading and writing.
Boushnak takes photographs of these women learning and studying. On the back of their pictures, the women then write why they wanted to read and write. Now, these pictures are displayed in classrooms as the symbol of their achievement.
1. Tom, a male doctor living in Yemen. He is the oldest son of five children in a wealthy family. Can he join the project “I Read I Write” and learn to read or write? Why or why not?
正解： No, he cannot join the program. The program “I Read I Write” is aimed at helping female adults from poor families, not at male adults from rich families. Moreover, Tom is a doctor, which means he is an educated person. Thus, he is not the person that the project wants to help.
2. Which of the following might be the syllabus of a “literacy class” in Boushnak’s project?
正解：(A)
3. Which of the following sentence might come from a participant in “I Read I Write”?
(A) Poverty is easier to conquer than injustice.
(B) Children are made readers on the laps of their parents.
(C) Never trust anyone who has not brought a book with them.
(D) Even though we have eyes, we lived like blind people.
正解：(D)
試題五：人權重要主題
Cocoa is the main ingredient of chocolate. In West Africa, cocoa is the main cash crop, providing incomes for a large percentage of people there. It is a myth that cocoa farmers have a well-off living because cocoa is always in a high demand. The truth is that men would benefit from the harvest and business. Women, on the other hand, do most of the work with only limited income because of the male-dominant society.
Women barely own the land, make decisions, and sell the crop as is planned. It is reported that women in Ivory Coast do 70% of the work in cocoa farming but only receive 20% of the income. They actually live in poverty. Thus, Fairtrade Foundation, which aims to help disadvantaged producers to deal with injustice in trade, establishes the Women’s School of Leadership, intending to help women to be independent farmers by teaching them management, farming techniques, and confidence. After training, women know how to control budget, engage in sustainable farming, and build a community to earn extra income as cocoa is out of season. Now women plant vegetables, fruits, and larger trees in the cocoa orchard to provide shade and retain soil moisture to fight against climate change. Pruning techniques are utilized to reduce the use of pesticide. With farming knowledge, there is no need to develop more land for productivity. The money they gain not only makes their life better, but also helps them build school to ensure women and kids can receive education. To aid women in Africa to escape poverty and fulfil gender equality, chocolate companies and consumers will need to pay more so that they can improve their life. In this way, cocoa yield will be stable, too.
1. According to the reading text, what are the specific farming techniques that women learn in the school?
(a)_____________
(b)_____________
正解：
(a) Women plant vegetables, fruits, and larger trees together in the cocoa orchard.
(b) Pruning techniques are utilized to reduce the use of pesticide.
2. Below is a piece of summary of this passage. Please fill the proper words into the blanks.
Chocolate is made of cocoa which is the major (1) . Cocoa becomes the main cash crop which offers income for a huge number of people in West Africa. That coca farmers have a well-off living due to the high demand of cocoa has become (2) . Yet, it is true that men would (3) from the harvest and business. (4) , women do most of the work but only gain limited salary owing to the male-dominant and social system.
正解：
(1) ingredient
(2) mysterious
(3) benefit
(4) Instead/ However/ Yet/ On the other hand/But